world at its end!!!

I have not posted anything this past couple of months cos i have been very busy with my studies...but since i have miss some important issues and some people think that my blog is informative i thought i have some spare time in my sleaves  why not write another entry so here it is.  First Merry Chritsmas to everyone and avance Happy New Year.

If you have seen the movie 2012 you might have been curious if that movie would come to life and if the end of our world is near.  If you have seen all the things that happened in the movie all the signs and all the premonition you might be wondering could that really happen? could some of us really survive this kind of tragedy?  The signs in the movie is close to what kind of nature's strike happend to us most of this is caused by the climate change.  Let me give you some explination of what climate change is, what it could do to our planet and what is happening now due to it.

according to the National Academy of Sciences, "the phrase 'climate change' is growing in preferred use to 'global warming' because it helps convey that there are [other] changes in addition to rising temperatures."

 

Climate change refers to any significant change in measures of climate (such as temperature, precipitation, or wind) lasting for an extended period (decades or longer). Climate change may result from:

natural factors, such as changes in the sun's intensity or slow changes in the Earth's orbit around the sun;

natural processes within the climate system (e.g. changes in ocean circulation);

human activities that change the atmosphere's composition (e.g. through burning fossil) 

The greenhouse effect is very important when we talk about climate change as it relates to the gases which keep the Earth warm. It is the extra greenhouse gases which humans have released which are thought to pose the strongest threat.

Impacts

Scientists in the UK and across the World are looking at the evidence of climate change and are also using computer models to come up with predictions for our future environment and weather.

However, the next stage of that work, which is just as important, is looking at the knock-on effects of potential changes.

Water is an enormous consideration. As we are likely to see an increase in precipitation and sea level rises, does that mean an increase in flooding? What can we do to protect ourselves from that and how will it affect us financially? 

Also, how will our health be affected by global warming, how will agricultural practices change, how will wildlife cope and what will the effects on coral be?

As for opportunities, well there will certainly be some positives of climate change as well as negatives so it is worth us considering those too.

Adaptation

The list of things we need to think about which will be affected by climate change is endless. In this section we give you a few examples of how we will need to change the way we live in order to cope with changes to our climate.

The regular use of renewable energy is becoming increasingly popular. Have a look at the possibilities for alternative energy sources, including solar power, wind power, geothermal, water power and even nuclear energy.

Play our game - I'm alright Jack - to influence his environment. You get to make choices at several stages in his life and can even decide how his house should be built.

What else can you do to help adapt to climate change and what can you do to help slow it down? There are many things we can all do at home. There are a host of ideas in Life at Home.

Buildings in the south east of the UK are going to have to be constructed like those in Scotland if weather predictions are correct. See what needs to be considered to build a house sturdy enough for the more severe weather.

The Earth's climate has changed throughout history. Just in the last 650,000 years there have been seven cycles of glacial advance and retreat, with the abrupt end of the last ice age about seven thousand years ago, marking the beginning of the modern climate era —and of human civilization. Most of these changes are attributed to the very small changes in the Earth’s orbit changing the amount of solar energy the Earth receives.

"Scientific evidence for warming of the climate system is unequivocal."     

- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change          

The current warming trend is of particular significance because most of it is very likely human-induced and proceeding at a rate that is unprecedented in the past 1,300 years.1

Earth-orbiting satellites and other technological advances have enabled scientists to see the big picture, collecting many different types of information about our planet and its climate on a global scale. Studying these climate data collected over many years reveal the signals of a changing climate.

Certain facts about Earth's climate are not in dispute:

The heat-trapping nature of carbon dioxide and other gases was demonstrated in the mid-19th century.2 Their ability to affect the transfer of infrared energy through the atmosphere is the scientific basis of many JPL-designed instruments, such as AIRS. Increased levels of greenhouse gases must cause the Earth to warm in response.

Ice cores drawn from Greenland, Antarctica, and tropical mountain glaciers show that the Earth’s climate responds to changes in solar output, in the Earth’s orbit, and in greenhouse gas levels. They also show that in the past, large changes in climate have happened very quickly, geologically-speaking: in tens of years, not in millions or even thousands.

The evidence for abrupt climate change is compelling:

Aitutaki atoll: Vulnerable to rising sea levels Global sea level rose about 17 centimeters (6.7 inches) in the last century. In the last decade, however, the rate of rise nearly doubled.3

The Keeling Curve shows a pattern of steadily increasing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere since 1958.   

Levels of Carbon Dioxide are higher today than at anytime in past 650,000 years.

Scientists reconstruct past climate conditions through evidence preserved in tree rings, coral reefs and ice cores. For example, ice cores removed from 2 miles deep in the Antarctic contain atmospheric samples trapped in tiny air bubbles that date as far back as 650,000 years. These samples have allowed scientists to construct a historical record of greenhouse gas concentration stretching back hundreds of thousands of years.

The effects of climate change will likely include more frequent droughts in some areas and heavier precipitation in others. Global surface air temperatures rose three-quarters of a degree Celsius (almost one and a half degrees Fahrenheit) in the last century, but at twice that amount in the past 50 years. Eleven of the last 12 years (1995-2006) are the warmest since accurate recordkeeping began in 1850.4

            The oceans have absorbed much of this increased heat, with the top 700 meters (about 2,300 feet) of ocean showing warming of 0.18 degrees Fahrenheit since 1955.

Flowing meltwater from the Greenland ice sheet       The Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets have shrunk in both area and mass. Data from JPL's Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment show Greenland lost 150 to 250 cubic kilometers (36 to 60 cubic miles) of ice per year between 2002 and 2006, while Antarctica lost about 152 cubic kilometers (36 cubic miles) of ice between 2002 and 2005.

The disappearing snowcap of Mount Kilimanjaro, from space.         Mountain glaciers and snow cover have declined on average in both hemispheres, and may disappear altogether in certain regions of our planet, such as the Himalayas, by 2030.5

            Many species of plants and animals are already responding to global warming, moving to higher elevations or closer to the poles.

            Precipitation and evaporation patterns over the oceans have changed, as evidenced by increased ocean salinity near the equator and decreased salinity at higher latitudes.6

Most scientists agree the main cause of the current global warming trend is human expansion of the "greenhouse effect" -- warming that results when the atmosphere traps heat radiating from Earth toward space.

Certain gases in the atmosphere behave like the glass on a greenhouse, allowing sunlight to enter, but blocking heat from escaping. Long-lived gases, remaining semi-permanently in the atmosphere, which do not respond physically or chemically to changes in temperature are described as "forcing" climate change whereas gases, such as water, which respond physically or chemically to changes in temperature are seen as "feedbacks."

Gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect include:

Water vapor. The most abundant greenhouse gas, but importantly, it acts as a feedback to the climate. Water vapor increases as the Earth's atmosphere warms, but so does the possibility of clouds and precipitation, making these some of the most important feedback mechanisms to the greenhouse effect.

Carbon dioxide (CO2). A minor but very important component of the atmosphere, carbon dioxide is released through natural processes such as respiration and volcano eruptions and through human activities such as deforestation, land use changes, and burning fossil fuels. Humans have increased atmospheric CO2 concentration by a third since the Industrial Revolution began. This is the most important long-lived "forcing" of climate change.

Methane. A hydrocarbon gas produced both through natural sources and human activities, including the decomposition of wastes in landfills, agriculture, and especially rice cultivation, as well as ruminant digestion and manure management associated with domestic livestock. On a molecule-for-molecule basis, methane is a far more active greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide, but also one which is much less abundant in the atmosphere.

Nitrous oxide. A powerful greenhouse gas produced by soil cultivation practices, especially the use of commercial and organic fertilizers, fossil fuel combustion, nitric acid production, and biomass burning.

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). Synthetic compounds of entirely of industrial origin used in a number of applications, but now largely regulated in production and release to the atmosphere by international agreement for their ability to contribute to destruction of the ozone layer. They are also greenhouse gases .        

Not enough greenhouse effect: The planet Mars has a very thin atmosphere, nearly all carbon dioxide. Because of the low atmospheric pressure, and with little to no methane or water vapor to reinforce the weak greenhouse effect, Mars has a largely frozen surface that shows no evidence of life.

 

Too much greenhouse effect: The atmosphere of Venus, like Mars, is nearly all carbon dioxide. But Venus has about 300 times as much carbon dioxide in its atmosphere as Earth and Mars do, producing a runaway greenhouse effect and a surface temperature hot enough to melt lead.

 

 

On Earth, human activities are changing the natural greenhouse. Over the last century the burning of fossil fuels like coal and oil has increased the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). This happens because the coal or oil burning process combines carbon with oxygen in the air to make CO2. To a lesser extent, the clearing of land for agriculture, industry, and other human activities have increased concentrations of greenhouse gases.

 

The consequences of changing the natural atmospheric greenhouse are difficult to predict, but certain effects seem likely:

On average, Earth will become warmer. Some regions may welcome warmer temperatures, but others may not.

Warmer conditions will probably lead to more evaporation and precipitation overall, but individual regions will vary, some becoming wetter and others dryer.

A stronger greenhouse effect will warm the oceans and partially melt glaciers and other ice, increasing sea level. Ocean water also will expand if it warms, contributing further to sea level rise.

Meanwhile, some crops and other plants may respond favorably to increased atmospheric CO2, growing more vigorously and using water more efficiently. At the same time, higher temperatures and shifting climate patterns may change the areas where crops grow best and affect the makeup of natural plant communities.

The role of human activity

In its recently released Fourth Assessment Report, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, a group of 1,300 independent scientific experts from countries all over the world under the auspices of the United Nations, concluded there's a more than 90 percent probability that human activities over the past 250 years have warmed our planet.

The industrial activities that our modern civilization depends upon have raised atmospheric carbon dioxide levels from 280 parts per million to 379 parts per million in the last 150 years. The panel also concluded there's a better than 90 percent probability that human-produced greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide have caused much of the observed increase in Earth's temperatures over the past 50 years.

They said the rate of increase in global warming due to these gases is very likely to be unprecedented within the past 10,000 years or more. The panel's full Summary for Policymakers report is online at http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/syr/ar4_syr_spm.pdf.

Solar irradiance

It's reasonable to assume that changes in the sun's energy output would cause the climate to change, since the sun is the fundamental source of energy that drives our climate system.

Indeed, studies show that solar variability has played a role in past climate changes. For example, a decrease in solar activity is thought to have triggered the Little Ice Age between approximately 1650 and 1850, when Greenland was largely cut off by ice from 1410 to the 1720s and glaciers advanced in the Alps.

But several lines of evidence show that current global warming cannot be explained by changes in energy from the sun:

Since 1750, the average amount of energy coming from the Sun either remained constant or increased slightly.

If the warming were caused by a more active sun, then scientists would expect to see warmer temperatures in all layers of the atmosphere. Instead, they have observed a cooling in the upper atmosphere, and a warming at the surface and in the lower parts of the atmosphere. That's because greenhouse gasses are trapping heat in the lower atmosphere.

Climate models that include solar irradiance changes can’t reproduce the observed temperature trend over the past century or more without including a rise in greenhouse gases.

The current and future consequences of global change

            The potential future effects of global climate change include more frequent wildfires, longer periods of drought in some regions and an increase in the number, duration and intensity of tropical storms.

Global climate change has already had observable effects on the environment. Glaciers have shrunk, ice on rivers and lakes is breaking up earlier, plant and animal ranges have shifted and trees are flowering sooner.

Effects that scientists had predicted in the past would result from global climate change are now occurring: loss of sea ice, accelerated sea level rise and longer, more intense heat waves.        

"Taken as a whole, the range of published evidence indicates that the net damage costs of climate change are likely to be significant and to increase over time."  

- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change  

Scientists have high confidence that global temperatures will continue to rise for decades to come, largely due to greenhouse gasses produced by human activities. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which includes more than 1,300 scientists from the United States  and other countries, forecasts a temperature rise of 2.5 to 10 degrees Fahrenheit over the next century.

According to the IPCC, the extent of climate change effects on individual regions will vary over time and with the ability of different societal and environmental systems to mitigate or adapt to change.

The IPCC predicts that increases in global mean temperature of less than 1.8 to 5.4 degrees Fahrenheit (1 to 3 degrees Celsius) above 1990 levels will produce beneficial impacts in some regions and harmful ones in others. Net annual costs will increase over time as global temperatures increase.

"Taken as a whole," the IPCC states, "the range of published evidence indicates that the net damage costs of climate change are likely to be significant and to increase over time."

Below are some of the regional impacts of global change forecast by the IPCC:

North America: Decreasing snowpack in the western mountains; 5-10 percent increase in yields of rain-fed agriculture in some regions; increased frequency, intensity and duration of heat waves in cities that currently experience them.

Latin America: Gradual replacement of tropical forest by savannah in eastern Amazonia; risk of significant biodiversity loss through species extinction in many tropical areas; significant changes in water availability for human consumption, agriculture and energy generation.

Europe: Increased risk of inland flash floods; more frequent coastal flooding and increased erosion from storms and sea level rise; glacial retreat in mountainous areas; reduced snow cover and winter tourism; extensive species losses; reductions of crop productivity in southern Europe.

Africa: By 2020, between 75 and 250 million people are projected to be exposed to increased water stress; yields from rain-fed agriculture could be reduced by up to 50 percent in some regions by 2020; agricultural production, including access to food, may be severely compromised.

Asia: Freshwater availability projected to decrease in Central, South, East and Southeast Asia by the 2050s; coastal areas will be at risk due to increased flooding; death rate from disease associated with floods and droughts expected to rise in some regions

Global Climate Change: Recent ImpactsPhenomena Likelihood that trend occurred in late 20th century

Cold days, cold nights, frost less frequent over land areas    Very likely

More frequent hot days and nights     Very likely

Heat waves more frequent over most land areas        Likely

Increased incidence of extreme high sea level *         Likely

Global area affected by drought has increased (since 1970s)            Likely in some regions

More frequent heat waves over most land areas         Likely

Increase in intense tropical cyclone activity in North Atlantic (since 1970)  Likely in some regions

* Excluding tsunamis, which are not due to climate change.

Global Climate Change: Future TrendsPhenomena    Likelihood of trend

Contraction of snow cover areas, increased thaw in permafrost regions, decrease in sea ice extent Virtually certain

Increased frequency of hot extremes, heat waves and heavy precipitation   Very likely to occur

Increase in tropical cyclone intensity  Likely to occur

Precipitation increases in high latitudes          Very likely to occur

Precipitation decreases in subtropical land regions     Very likely to occur

Decreased water resources in many semi-arid areas, including western U.S. and Mediterranean basin        High confidence

Definitions of likelihood ranges used to express the assessed probability of occurrence: virtually certain >99%, very likely >90%, likely >66%.

Unresolved questions about Earth's climate

            Extreme Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (EIT) image of the sun with a huge, handle-shaped prominence extending from it, taken in 1999. While there is no evidence of a change trend in solar output over the past half century, long-term changes in solar output are not well-understood.

This website presents a data-rich view of climate and a discussion of how many data sets fit together into scientists' current picture of our changing climate. But there's a great deal that we don't know about the future of Earth's climate and how climate change will affect humans

For convenience and clarity, climate scientists separate things that affect climate change into two categories: forcings and feedbacks (see sidebar at right).

Also, climate scientists often discuss "abrupt climate change," which includes the possibility of "tipping points" in the Earth's climate. Climate appears to have several states in which it is relatively stable over long periods of time. But when climate moves between those states, it can do so quickly (geologically speaking), in hundreds of years and even, in a handful of cases, in only a few decades. These rapid 'state changes' are what scientists mean by abrupt climate change. They are much more common at regional scales than at the global scale, but can be global. State changes have triggers, or "tipping points," that are related to feedback processes. In what's probably the single largest uncertainty in climate science, scientists don't have much confidence that they know what those triggers are.

Below is an explanation of just a few other important uncertainties about climate change, organized according to the categories forcing and feedback. This list isn't exhaustive. It is intended to illustrate the kinds of questions that scientists still ask about climate.

Forcings

Solar Irradiance. The sun has a well-known eleven-year irradiance cycle that produces a .08% variation in output.1 Solar irradiance has been measured by satellite daily since the late 1970s, and this known solar cycle is incorporated into climate models. There is some evidence from proxy measurements-sunspot counts going back centuries, measurements from ancient trees, and others-that solar output varies over longer periods of time, too. While there is currently no evidence of a trend in solar output over the past half century, because there are no direct observations of solar output prior to the 1970s, climate scientists do not have much confidence that they understand longer-term solar changes. A number of U.S. and international spacecraft study the sun.

Aerosols, dust, smoke, and soot. These come from both human and natural sources. They also have very different effects on climate. Sulfate aerosols, which result from burning coal, biomass, and volcanic eruptions, tend to cool the Earth. Increasing industrial emissions of sulfates is believed to have caused a cooling trend in the Northern Hemisphere from the 1940s to the 1970s. But other kinds of particles have the opposite effect. The global distribution of aerosols has only been tracked for about a decade from the ground and from satellites, but those measurements cannot yet reliably distinguish between types of particulates. So aerosol forcing is another substantial uncertainty in predictions of future climate.

Feedbacks

Clouds. Clouds have an enormous impact on Earth's climate, reflecting back into space about one third of the total amount of sunlight that hits the Earth's atmosphere. As the atmosphere warms, cloud patterns may change, altering the amount of sunlight absorbed by the Earth. Because clouds are such powerful climate actors, even small changes in average cloud amounts, locations, and type could speed warming, slow it, or even reverse it. Current climate models do not represent cloud physics well, so the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has consistently rated clouds among its highest research priorities. NASA and its research partners in industry, academia, and other nations have a small flotilla of spacecraft and aircraft studying clouds and the closely related phenomenon of aerosols.

Carbon cycle. Currently, natural processes remove about half of each year's human carbon dioxide emissions from the atmosphere, although this varies a bit year to year. It isn't well understood where this carbon dioxide goes, with some evidence that the oceans are the major repository and other evidence that land biota absorbs the majority. There is also some evidence that the ability of the Earth system to continue absorbing it may decline as the world warms, leading to faster accumulation in the atmosphere. But this possibility isn't well understood either. The upcoming Orbiting Carbon Observatory mission will mark NASA's first attempt to answer some of these questions via space observations.

Ocean circulation. One very popular hypothesis about climate change is that as the Earth as a whole warms, ocean circulation in the Atlantic will change to produce cooling in Western Europe. In its most extreme form, this hypothesis has advancing European ice sheets triggering a new ice age. A global-warming induced ice age is not considered very likely among climate scientists. But the idea highlights the importance of ocean circulation in maintaining regional climates. Global ocean data sets only extend back to the early 1990s, so there are large uncertainties in predictions of future ocean changes.

Precipitation. Human civilization is dependent upon where and when rain and snow fall. We need it for drinking water and for growing our food. Global climate models show that precipitation will generally increase, but not in all regions. Some regions will dry instead. Scientists and policymakers would like to use climate models to assess regional changes, but the models currently show wide variation in their results. For just one example, some models forecast less precipitation in the American southwest, where JPL is, while others foresee more precipitation. This lack of agreement on even the direction of change makes planning very difficult. There's much research to be done on this question.

 

Sea level rise. In its 2007 Fourth Assessment Report, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change used new satellite data to conclude that shrinkage of ice sheets may contribute more to sea level rise than it had thought as recently as 2001. The panel concluded that it could not "provide a best estimate or an upper bound for sea level rise" over the next century due to their lack of knowledge about Earth's ice.2 There are 5-6 meters worth of sea level in the Greenland ice sheet, and 6-7 meters in the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, while the much larger East Antarctic Ice Sheet is probably not vulnerable to widespread melting in the next century. Many hundreds of millions of people live within that range of sea level increase, so our inability to predict what sea level rise is likely over the next century has substantial human and economic ramifications.

It is not NASA's role to develop solutions or public policies related to global climate change. Instead, the agency's mission is to provide the scientific data needed to understand climate change and to evaluate the impact of efforts to control it. (For more information, see NASA's role.)

The following selected resources from governmental organizations provide information about options for climate change mitigation.

This is what i have researched.  If we dont act now our fear of the 2012 prediction will come to life.  Soon we will have no planet to live in.  If we care about it so much then why just say it why not act on it.  You read what we can do to prevent this from happening and what we have done that caused this.  Now we know so now we should do something to save our planet.  You might think im being way over board in posting this things and that i am a little paranoid about the movie ( ok too much paranoid) but i just think that too much is enough and that 2012 might happen if we really dont act on it.

You all know that i have copied all the facts from other sites.  So if you want more information visit the sites of my sources:

http://climate.jpl.nasa.gov/solutions/

http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/basicinfo.html

www.bbc.co.uk/climate

 thank you for reading my blog..ill be more active now..promise... :)

 

smoking

A lot of people today are involve of smoking some are even too young to smoke.  And even though cigarette companies put warning about what smoking can do to peoples health people still patronize cigars.  And even though vendors put sings like : "no selling of cigarette to minor" or "no cigarette selling to minors under 18 years old" still these vendors sell their products to who buys from them.  It doesn't matter if they are 18 or below all that matters is that they gain profits from them.  

Cigarette's are sold here in the Philippines by individual sales by side walk vendors or what they call here "takatak" vendors.  These vendors doesn't bother to ask "how old are you" or say " i cant sell you cigarette's for your too young", they just sell them cause all they care is profits that gives them the cash that could bring food on their plate.

These people that smoke even though aware of what could happen to them still patronize cigarette's. Upon my review cigarette's has a lot of chemical components that could burn your lungs and just one stick and you loose 7 minutes of your life.  Base on people i have interviewed they smoke cigarette's to calm them self when they are tense or stress and also base on my personal experience (just for study i tried smoking 1 butt of cigar for 1 day) it could make you feel relax a bonding material, or one that could kill your boredom (also could kill you).

to give you a detail here are the components of cigarette's that could be the caused of your death.

Nicotine: 
It is a colorless liquid that is on the floor of the snuff and turns brown when burned, the smell of snuff acquire when exposed to air is highly addictive

Carbon monoxide: 
Carbon monoxide, or CO, is a colorless, odorless toxic gas. Non-irritating - no coughing, but it is very poisonous.

Acetone: 
Acetone is used in the manufacture of plastics, fibers, drugs and other chemicals.

Ammonia: 
Ammonia is a colorless gas with a characteristic odor. Used in many household cleaning products and industrial products for cleaning glass. Ammonia is applied directly to soil in agricultural lands, and is used to manufacture fertilizer for agricultural crops and plants.

Toluene: 
Toluene is used in the manufacture of paints, paint thinners, varnish to the nails, paints, adhesives and rubbers, and certain processes of printing and leather tanning.

DDT: 
It is a liposoluble insecticide, which only dissolves in fatty substances, is not excreted in the urine and accumulates in fatty tissue. I have long been using for its persistence in the environment.

Methanol: 
It is the simplest alcohol. Light is a liquid, volatile, colorless, flammable and toxic to be used as an antifreeze, solvent and fuel.

Benzopyrene: 
Benzopyrene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. a-benzopyrene is derived from one of the greatest risk factor, after long periods of use, can trigger cell disorders causing cancer

Arsenic: 
Inorganic arsenic compounds are mainly used to preserve wood. Organic arsenic compounds are used as pesticides. Arsenic can not be destroyed in the environment. As compound, arsenic can be toxic, so it is commonly used in rat poison.

Polonium 210: 
Polonium-210 from phosphate fertilizers that are used in plantations and snuff is absorbed through roots and accumulated in the leaves, still in the process of industrialization and the drying and smoking is trapped in the bronchial mucosa. A smoker and a half pack of cigarettes per day received 400 rads in the bronchi of alpha radiation per year, equivalent to 300 chest radiographs, or nearly one per day.

Cadmium: 
Cadmium is a natural substance in the earth's crust. Usually found as mineral combined with other substances such as oxygen, chlorine, or sulfur. It has many uses including batteries, pigments, coatings for metals, and plastics. Cadmium and its compounds are carcinogenic.

Aniline: 
Aniline is a colorless liquid, slightly yellow smell. It is used to make polyurethane foam, agricultural chemicals, synthetic dyes, antioxidants, stabilizers for rubber, paints and herbicides and explosives. The EPA has determined that aniline is probably carcinogenic in humans.

These are the components that you put in your mouth and just a trivia when you smoke its like putting a car's muffler in your mouth.  Also i want to post the different things that are caused by smoking. Lets start by:

Bad breath- since you smoke it leaves a a condition which is called halitosis, or persistent bad breath.

Bad skin- Because smoking restricts blood vessels, it can prevent oxygen and nutrients from getting to the skin — which is why smokers often appear pale and unhealthy. An Italian study also linked smoking to an increased risk of getting a type of skin rash called psoriasis.

Getting old fast- though you might still be young 16 or below you would start to look old because  nutrients that's should get in your skin has been prevented so you would look pale old person.

People who smokes has the high risk of getting pneumonia, heart problems, emphysema,  bronchitis, and of course different types of cancer. i wish i could show you the pictures but i cant so if you have a chance do a research of your own on what could happen. And hopefully you guys stop smoking.

source:

http://ezinearticle.com

http://kidshealth.org

Swine Flu

You guys probably have heard about teh "Swine Flu" it has already hit alot of country particularly in the southern america.  It has cost alot of damage in terms of the piggery industry.  In the Philippines though the flu hasent hit it yet people are already being advice to take a lot of care in communicating with other people in terms of being hygenic and also the dept. of agriculture has already released a memo about not accepting imported meat products comming from Mexico and America.  So i would like to give you some (though not complete) information about this epidemic that is causing alot of trouble already.

Swine Flu:

Swine influenza virus (referred to as SIV) refers to influenza cases that are caused by Orthomyxoviruses that usually occur (are endemic) to pig populations. SIV strains isolated to date have been classified either as Influenzavirus C or one of the various subtypes of the genus Influenzavirus A.

Classification:

SIV strains isolated to date have been classified either as Influenzavirus C or one of the various subtypes of the genus Influenzavirus A

Signs and symptoms:

Symptoms include fever, disorientation, stiffness of the joints, vomiting, and loss of consciousness ending in death

Causes:

H5N1

Avian influenza virus H3N2 is endemic in pigs in China and has been detected in pigs in Vietnam, increasing fears of the emergence of new variant strains.[8] Health experts[who?] say pigs can carry human influenza viruses, which can combine (i.e. exchange homologous genome sub-units by genetic reassortment) with H5N1, passing genes and mutating into a form which can pass easily among humans.[9] H3N2 evolved from H2N2 by antigenic shift.[10] In August 2004, researchers in China found H5N1 in pigs.[11] Measured resistance to the standard antiviral drugs amantadine and rimantadine in H3N2 in humans has increased[12] to 92% in 2005.[13]

Chairul Nidom, a virologist at Airlangga University's tropical disease center in Surabaya, East Java, conducted an independent research; he tested the blood of 10 apparently healthy pigs housed near poultry farms in West Java where avian flu had broken out, Nature reported. Five of the pig samples contained the H5N1 virus. The Indonesian government has since found similar results in the same region. Additional tests of 150 pigs outside the area were negative.[14][15]

Swine Flu in Humans
People who work with poultry and swine, especially people with intense exposures, are at increased risk of zoonotic infection with influenza virus endemic in these animals, and constitute a population of human hosts in which zoonosis and reassortment can co-occur.[17] Transmission of influenza from swine to humans who work with swine was documented in a small surveillance study performed in 2004 at the University of Iowa.[18] This study among others forms the basis of a recommendation that people whose jobs involve handling poultry and swine be the focus of increased public health surveillance.[17] The 2009 swine flu outbreak appears to be a result of co-occurring zoonosis and reassortment.[citation needed]

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports that the symptoms and transmission of the swine flu from human to human is much like seasonal flu, commonly fever, lethargy, lack of appetite and coughing. Some people with swine flu also have reported runny nose, sore throat, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea.[19] It is believed to be spread between humans through coughing or sneezing of infected people and touching something with the virus on it and then touching their own nose or mouth.[20] The swine flu in humans is most contagious during the first five days of the illness although some people, most commonly children, can remain contagious for up to ten days. Diagnosis can be made by sending a specimen, collected during the first five days, to the CDC for analysis.[21]

The swine flu is susceptible to four drugs licensed in the United States, amantadine, rimantadine, oseltamivir and zanamivir, however, for the 2009 outbreak it is recommended it be treated with oseltamivir and zanamivir.[22] The vaccine for the human seasonal H1N1 flu does not protect against the swine H1N1 flu, even if the virus strains are the same specific variety, as they are antigenically very different

Prevention:

Recommendations to prevent infection by the virus consist of the standard personal precautions against influenza. This includes frequent washing of hands with soap and water or with alcohol-based hand sanitizers, especially after being out in-public. People should avoid touching their mouth, nose or eyes with their hands unless they've washed their hands. If people do cough, they should either cough into a tissue and throw it in the garbage immediately, cough into their elbow, or, if they cough in their hand, they should wash their hands immediately.

Treatment:

CDC recommends the use of oseltamivir or zanamivir for the treatment and/or prevention of infection with these swine influenza viruses. Antiviral drugs are prescription medicines (pills, liquid or an inhaler) that fight against the flu by keeping flu viruses from reproducing in your body. If you get sick, antiviral drugs can make your illness milder and make you feel better faster. They may also prevent serious flu complications. For treatment, antiviral drugs work best if started soon after getting sick (within 2 days of symptoms).

History:

2007 Philippine outbreak

On August 20, 2007 Department of Agriculture officers investigated the outbreak of swine flu in Nueva Ecija and Central Luzon, Philippines. The mortality rate is less than 10% for swine flu, if there are no complications like hog cholera. On July 27, 2007, the Philippine National Meat Inspection Service (NMIS) raised a hog cholera "red alert" warning over Metro Manila and 5 regions of Luzon after the disease spread to backyard pig farms in Bulacan and Pampanga, even if these tested negative for the swine flu virus.

2009 swine flu outbreak
Main article: 2009 swine flu outbreak

The origins of the new swine influenza strain involved in the 2009 swine flu outbreak remain unknown. One theory is that Asian and European strains traveled to Mexico in migratory birds or in people, then combined with North American strains in Mexican pig factory farms before jumping over to farm workers.[31] The Mexican health agency acknowledged that the original disease vector of the virus may have been flies multiplying in manure lagoons of pig farms near Perote, Veracruz, owned by Granjas Carroll,[32] a subsidiary of Smithfield Foods.[33] The strain is a reassortment of several strains of influenza A virus subtype H1N1 that are, separately, endemic in humans and in swine. Preliminary genetic characterization found that the hemagglutinin (HA) gene was similar to that of swine flu viruses present in U.S. pigs since 1999, but the neuraminidase (NA) and matrix protein (M) genes resembled versions present in European swine flu isolates. Viruses with this genetic makeup had not previously been found to be circulating in humans or pigs, but there is no formal national surveillance system to determine what viruses are circulating in pigs in the U.S.

In the oder animals:

Veterinary swine flu vaccine

Swine influenza has become a greater problem in recent decades as the evolution of the virus has resulted in inconsistent responses to traditional vaccines. Standard commercial swine flu vaccines are effective in controlling the infection when the virus strains match enough to have significant cross-protection, and custom (autogenous) vaccines made from the specific viruses isolated are created and used in the more difficult cases.

Present vaccination strategies for SIV control and prevention in swine farms, typically include the use of one of several bivalent SIV vaccines commercially available in the United States. Of the 97 recent H3N2 isolates examined, only 41 isolates had strong serologic cross-reactions with antiserum to three commercial SIV vaccines. Since the protective ability of influenza vaccines depends primarily on the closeness of the match between the vaccine virus and the epidemic virus, the presence of nonreactive H3N2 SIV variants suggests that current commercial vaccines might not effectively protect pigs from infection with a majority of H3N2 viruses.

The current vaccine against the seasonal influenza strain H1N1 is thought unlikely to provide protection.[38] The director of CDC's National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases said that the United States' cases were found to be made up of genetic elements from four different flu viruses—North American swine influenza, North American avian influenza, human influenza A virus subtype H1N1, and swine influenza virus typically found in Asia and Europe. On two cases, a complete genome sequence had been obtained. She said that the virus is resistant to amantadine and rimantadine, but susceptible to oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and zanamivir (Relenza).

Source:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swine_flu

There it is a good thing this kind of virus havent hit the the Philippines yet and hope it doesnt the country already has alot of problems to handle another one and it might just collapse.  The country already has a problem with the economy another problem like this would cost teh economy big time and it would just crash.  DOH togther with the DOA is already preventing this to happen to our country hope they succed.  They are ready for the check ups in the airports to see if anyone has teh virus and tehy are really preventing this to happen and the security are really tight in the airports.

..well hope this has been impormative...

...Shopau...

PS. i was to do an article about climate change but i think this is important too...so just watch out for that entry of mine. Till then see yah!

twilight DVD out now!

The twilight DVD was out last march 20,2009 and to avoid the hustle i pre-orderd mine 2 weeks before the actual  release date and in addition to my hustle free ordering i get to have a big poster. I have been waiting for this to come out since last month when i learned about this especial edition DVD from stephenie meyers page (author of twilight).  Though i have to save money to buy the CD i still manage to buy them, though the only problem is that i also wanted to buy the directors journal book of twiligt i guess i just have to sacrifice.

The DVD is a 2 disc special the 1st disc contains the movie which is soooo great cause i had to watch it again and the 2nd one contains the special features like directors cut and music videos and lots more.  Thw 2 CDs are fantastic cause they didnt show alot in the actual movie but there are alot more.

...though i know some of you are not interested i encourage you to buy the DVD now...

..see yah got to go...

...xoxo...

...shopau23...

cervical cancer (killer disease)

Cervical cancer is malignant cancer of the cervix uteri or cervical area. It may present with vaginal bleeding but symptoms may be absent until the cancer is in its advanced stages. Treatment consists of surgery (including local excision) in early stages and chemotherapy and radiotherapy in advanced stages of the disease.

Classification:
The naming and classification of cervical carcinoma precursor lesions has changed many times over the 20th century. The World Health Organization classification system was descriptive of the lesions, naming them mild, moderate or severe dysphasia or carcinoma in situ (CIS). The term, Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) was developed to place emphasis on the spectrum of abnormality in these lesions, and to help standardize treatment. It classifies mild dysplasia as CIN1, moderate dysplasia as CIN2, and severe dysplasia and CIS as CIN3. The most recent classification is the Bethesda System, which divides all cervical epithelial presursor lesions into 2 groups: Low-grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion (LSIL) and High-grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion (HSIL). LSIL corresponds to CIN1, and HSIL includes CIN2 and CIN3. More recently, CIN2 and CIN3 have been combined into CIN2/3.

Signs and symptoms:

The early stages of cervical cancer may be completely asymptomaticVaginal bleeding, contact bleeding or (rarely) a vaginal mass may indicate the presence of malignancy. Also, moderate pain during sexual intercourse and vaginal discharge are symptoms of cervical cancer. In advanced disease, metastases may be present in the abdomen, lungs or elsewhere.

Symptoms of advanced cervical cancer may include: loss of appetite, weight loss, fatigue, pelvic pain, back pain, leg pain, single swollen leg, heavy bleeding from the vagina, leaking of urine or faeces from the vagina, and bone fractures.

Causes:

Human papillomavirus infection
The most important risk factor in the development of cervical cancer is infection with a high-risk strain of human papillomavirus. The virus cancer link works by triggering alterations in the cells of the cervix, which can lead to the development of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, which can lead to cancer.

Women who have many sexual partners (or who have sex with men or women who had many other partners) have a greater risk.

More than 150 types of HPV are acknowledged to exist (some sources indicate more than 200 subtypes).[12][13] Of these, 15 are classified as high-risk types (16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 68, 73, and 82), 3 as probable high-risk (26, 53, and 66), and 12 as low-risk (6, 11, 40, 42, 43, 44, 54, 61, 70, 72, 81, and CP6108),[14] but even those may cause cancer. Types 16 and 18 are generally acknowledged to cause about 70% of cervical cancer cases. Together with type 31, they are the prime risk factors for cervical cancer.
Genital warts are caused by various strains of HPV which are usually not related to cervical cancer.

The medically accepted paradigm, officially endorsed by the American Cancer Society and other organizations, is that a patient must have been infected with HPV to develop cervical cancer, and is hence viewed as a sexually transmitted disease, but most women infected with high risk HPV will not develop cervical cancer. Use of condoms reduces, but does not always prevent transmission. Likewise, HPV can be transmitted by skin-to-skin-contact with infected areas. In males, HPV is thought to grow preferentially in the epithelium of the gland penis, and cleaning of this area may be preventative.

Cofactors
The American Cancer Society provides the following list of risk factors for cervical cancer: human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, smoking, HIV infection, chlamydia infection, dietary factors, hormonal contraception, multiple pregnancies, exposure to the hormonal drug diethylstilbestrol (DES) and a family history of cervical cancer. There is a possible genetic risk associated with HLA-B7.[citation needed]

Despite the development of an HPV vaccine, some researchers argue that routine neonatal male circumcision is an acceptable way to lower the risk of cervical cancer in their future female sexual partners. Others maintain that the benefits do not outweigh the risks and/or consider the removal of healthy genital tissue from infants to be unethical as it cannot be reasonably assumed that a male would choose to be circumcised. There has not been any definitive evidence to support the claim that male circumcision prevents cervical cancer, although some researchers say there is compelling epidemiological evidence that men who have been circumcised are less likely to be infected with HPV. However, in men with low-risk sexual behaviour and monogamous female partners, circumcision makes no difference to the risk of cervical cancer.

Diagnosis:

Biopsy procedures
While the pap smear is an effective screening test, confirmation of the diagnosis of cervical cancer or pre-cancer requires a biopsy of the cervix. This is often done through colposcopy, a magnified visual inspection of the cervix aided by using a dilute acetic acid (e.g. vinegar) solution to highlight abnormal cells on the surface of the cervix.

Further diagnostic procedures are loop electrical excision procedure (LEEP) and conization, in which the inner lining of the cervix is removed to be examined pathologically. These are carried out if the biopsy confirms severe cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.

Pathologic types:

Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, the precursor to cervical cancer, is often diagnosed on examination of cervical biopsies by a pathologist. Histologic subtypes of invasive cervical carcinoma include the following: Though squamous cell carcinoma is the cervical cancer with the most incidence, the incidence of adenocarcinoma of the cervix has been increasing in recent decades.
squamous cell carcinoma (about 80-85%[citation needed])
adenocarcinoma (about 15% of cervical cancers in the UK)
adenosquamous carcinoma
small cell carcinoma
neuroendocrine carcinoma

Non-carcinoma malignancies which can rarely occur in the cervix include
melanoma
lymphoma

Note that the FIGO stage does not incorporate lymph node involvement in contrast to the TNM staging for most other cancers.

For cases treated surgically, information obtained from the pathologist can be used in assigning a separate pathologic stage but is not to replace the original clinical stage.

For premalignant dysplastic changes, the CIN (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia) grading is used.

Staging:

Cervical cancer is staged by the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) staging system, which is based on clinical examination, rather than surgical findings. It allows only the following diagnostic tests to be used in determining the stage: palpation, inspection, colposcopy, endocervical curettage, hysteroscopy, cystoscopy, proctoscopy, intravenous urography, and X-ray examination of the lungs and skeleton, and cervical conization.

The TNM staging system for cervical cancer is analogous to the FIGO stage.
Stage 0 - full-thickness involvement of the epithelium without invasion into the stroma (carcinoma in situ)
Stage I - limited to the cervix 
• IA - diagnosed only by microscopy; no visible lesions 
• IA1 - stromal invasion less than 3 mm in depth and 7 mm or less in horizontal spread
• IA2 - stromal invasion between 3 and 5 mm with horizontal spread of 7 mm or less
• IB - visible lesion or a microscopic lesion with more than 5 mm of depth or horizontal spread of more than 7 mm 
• IB1 - visible lesion 4 cm or less in greatest dimension
• IB2 - visible lesion more than 4 cm
• Stage II - invades beyond cervix 
• IIA - without parametrial invasion, but involve upper 2/3 of vagina
• IIB - with parametrial invasion
• Stage III - extends to pelvic wall or lower third of the vagina 
• IIIA - involves lower third of vagina
• IIIB - extends to pelvic wall and/or causes hydronephrosis or non-functioning kidney
• IVA - invades mucosa of bladder or rectum and/or extends beyond true pelvis
• IVB - distant metastasis

Treatment:

Microinvasive cancer (stage IA) is usually treated by hysterectomy (removal of the whole uterus including part of the vagina). For stage IA2, the lymph nodes are removed as well. An alternative for patients who desire to remain fertile is a local surgical procedure such as a loop electrical excision procedure (LEEP) or cone biopsy.

If a cone biopsy does not produce clear margins, one more possible treatment option for patients who want to preserve their fertility is a trachelectomy. This attempts to surgically remove the cancer while preserving the ovaries and uterus, providing for a more conservative operation than a hysterectomy. It is a viable option for those in stage I cervical cancer which has not spread; however, it is not yet considered a standard of care, as few doctors are skilled in this procedure. Even the most experienced surgeon cannot promise that a trachelectomy can be performed until after surgical microscopic examination, as the extent of the spread of cancer is unknown. If the surgeon is not able to microscopically confirm clear margins of cervical tissue once the patient is under general anesthesia in the operating room, a hysterectomy may still be needed. This can only be done during the same operation if the patient has given prior consent. Due to the possible risk of cancer spread to the lymph nodes in stage 1b cancers and some stage 1a cancers, the surgeon may also need to remove some lymph nodes from around the uterus for pathologic evaluation.

A radical trachelectomy can be performed abdominally or vaginally and there are conflicting opinions as to which is better. A radical abdominal trachelectomy with lymphadenectomy usually only requires a two to three day hospital stay, and most women recover very quickly (approximately six weeks). Complications are uncommon, although women who are able to conceive after surgery are susceptible to preterm labor and possible late miscarriage. It is generally recommended to wait at least one year before attempting to become pregnant after surgery. Recurrence in the residual cervix is very rare if the cancer has been cleared with the trachelectomy.Yet, it is recommended for patients to practice vigilant prevention and follow up care including pap screenings/colposcopy, with biopsies of the remaining lower uterine segment as needed (every 3-4 months for at least 5 years) to monitor for any recurrence in addition to minimizing any new exposures to HPV through safe sex practices until one is actively trying to conceive.

Early stages (IB1 and IIA less than 4 cm) can be treated with radical hysterectomy with removal of the lymph nodes or radiation therapy. Radiation therapy is given as external beam radiotherapy to the pelvis and brachytherapy (internal radiation). Patients treated with surgery who have high risk features found on pathologic examination are given radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy in order to reduce the risk of relapse.

Larger early stage tumors (IB2 and IIA more than 4 cm) may be treated with radiation therapy and cisplatin-based chemotherapy, hysterectomy (which then usually requires adjuvant radiation therapy), or cisplatin chemotherapy followed by hysterectomy.

Advanced stage tumors (IIB-IVA) are treated with radiation therapy and cisplatin-based chemotherapy.

On June 15, 2006, the US Food and Drug Administration approved the use of a combination of two chemotherapy drugs, hycamtin and cisplatin for women with late-stage (IVB) cervical cancer treatment. Combination treatment has significant risk of neutropenia, anemia, and thrombocytopenia side effects. Hycamtin is manufactured by GlaxoSmithKline.


Prevention:


Awareness
According to the US National Cancer Institute's 2005 Health Information National Trends survey, only 40% of American women surveyed had heard of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and only 20% had heard of its link to cervical cancer. In 2008 an estimated 3,870 women in the US will die of cervical cancer, and around 11,000 new cases are expected to be diagnosed.

In the UK, the recent death of reality TV star Jade Goody from cervical cancer, has dramatically raised awareness of HPV and cervical cancer among young women. Before her death, she started a campaign to have the age at which women in the UK are routinely screened lowered from 25 to 20.


Screening
The widespread introduction of the Papanicolaou test, or Pap smear for cervical cancer screening has been credited with dramatically reducing the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer in developed countries. Abnormal Pap smear results may suggest the presence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (potentially premalignant changes in the cervix) before a cancer has developed, allowing examination and possible preventive treatment. Recommendations for how often a Pap smear should be done vary from once a year to once every five years. The American Cancer Society (ACS) recommends that cervical cancer screening should begin approximately three years after the onset of vaginal intercourse and/or no later than twenty-one years of age. Guidelines vary on how long to continue screening, but well screened women who have not had abnormal smears can stop screening about age 65 (USPSTF) to 70 (ACS). If premalignant disease or cervical cancer is detected early, it can be monitored or treated relatively noninvasively, and without impairing fertility.

Until recently the Pap smear has remained the principal technology for preventing cervical cancer. However, following a rapid review of the published literature, originally commissioned by NICE , liquid based cytology has been incorporated within the UK national screening programme. Although it was probably intended to improve on the accuracy of the Pap test, its main advantage has been to reduce the number of inadequate smears from around 9% to around 1%. This reduces the need to recall women for a further smear.

Automated technologies have been developed with the aim of improving on the interpretation of smears, normally carried out by cytotechnicians. Unfortunately these on the whole have proven less useful; although the more recent reviews suggest that generally they may be no worse than human interpretation 

The HPV test is a newer technique for cervical cancer triage which detects the presence of human papillomavirus infection in the cervix. It is more sensitive than the pap smear (less likely to produce false negative results), but less specific (more likely to produce false positive results) and its role in routine screening is still evolving. Since more than 99% of invasive cervical cancers worldwide contain HPV, some researchers recommend that HPV testing be done together with routine cervical screening. But, given the prevalence of HPV (around 80% infection history among the sexually active population) others suggest that routine HPV testing would cause undue alarm to carriers.

HPV testing can reduce the incidence of grade 2 or 3 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or cervical cancer detected by subsequent screening tests among women 32-38 years old according to a randomized controlled trial.[37] The relative risk reduction was 41.3%. For patients at similar risk to those in this study (63.0% had CIN 2-3 or cancer), this leads to an absolute risk reduction of 26%. 3.8 patients must be treated for one to benefit (number needed to treat = 3.8). Click here to adjust these results for patients at higher or lower risk of CIN 2-3.


Preventive Vaccination
Main article: HPV vaccine

Merck & Co. has developed a vaccine against four strains of HPV (6,11,16,18), called Gardasil. It is now on the market after receiving approval from the US Food and Drug Administration on June 8, 2006. Gardasil has also been approved in the EU.

GlaxoSmithKline has developed a vaccine called Cervarix which has been shown to be 100% effective in preventing HPV strains 16 and 18 and is effective for more than four years. Cervarix has been approved some places and is in approval process elsewhere.

Neither Merck & Co. nor GlaxoSmithKline invented the vaccine. The vaccine's key developmental steps are claimed by the National Cancer Institute in the US, the University of Rochester in New York, Georgetown University in Washington, DC, Dartmouth College in Hanover, NH, and the Queensland University in Brisbane, Australia. Both Merck & Co. and GlaxoSmithKline have licensed patents from all of these parties.

Together, HPV types 16 and 18 currently cause about 70% of cervical cancer cases. HPV types 6 and 11 cause about 90% of genital wart cases.

HPV vaccines are targeted at girls and women of age 9 to 26 because the vaccine only works if given before infection occurs; therefore, public health workers are targeting girls before they begin having sex. The use of the vaccine in men to prevent genital warts and interrupt transmission to women is initially considered only a secondary market.

The high cost of this vaccine has been a cause for concern. Several countries have or are considering programs to fund HPV vaccination.


Condoms
Condoms may also be useful in treating potentially precancerous changes in the cervix. Exposure to semen appears to increase the risk of precancerous changes (CIN 3), and use of condoms helps to cause these changes to regress and helps clear HPV. One study suggests that prostaglandin in semen may fuel the growth of cervical and uterine tumours and that affected women may benefit from the use of condoms.


Nutrition:
Fruits and vegetables
Higher levels of vegetable consumption were associated with a 54% decrease risk of HPV persistence. Consumption of papaya at least once a week was inversely associated with persistent HPV infection.


Vitamin A
There is weak evidence to suggest a significant deficiency of retinol can increase chances of cervical dysplasia, independently of HPV infection. A small (n~=500) case-control study of a narrow ethnic group (native Americans in New Mexico) assessed serum micro-nutrients as risk factors for cervical dysplasia. Subjects in the lowest serum retinol quartile were at increased risk of CIN I compared with women in the highest quartile.

However, the study population had low overall serum retinol, suggesting deficiency. A study of serum retinol in a well-nourished population reveals that the bottom 20% had serum retinol close to that of the highest levels in this New Mexico sub-population.


Vitamin C
Risk of type-specific, persistent HPV infection was lower among women reporting intake values of vitamin C in the upper quartile compared with those reporting intake in the lowest quartile.


Vitamin E
HPV clearance time was significantly shorter among women with the highest compared with the lowest serum levels of tocopherols, but significant trends in these associations were limited to infections lasting 120 days) was not significantly associated with circulating levels of tocopherols. Results from this investigation support an association of micronutrients with the rapid clearance of incident oncogenic HPV infection of the uterine cervix.

A statistically significantly lower level of alpha-tocopherol was observed in the blood serum of HPV-positive patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. The risk of dysplasia was four times higher for an alpha-tocopherol level <>Folic acid
Higher folate status was inversely associated with becoming HPV test-positive. Women with higher folate status were significantly less likely to be repeatedly HPV test-positive and more likely to become test-negative. Studies have shown that lower levels of antioxidants coexisting with low levels of folic acid increases the risk of CIN development. Improving folate status in subjects at risk of getting infected or already infected with high-risk HPV may have a beneficial impact in the prevention of cervical cancer.

However, another study showed no relationship between foliate status and cervical dysplasia.


Carotenoids
Higher circulating levels of carotenoids were associated with a significant decrease in the clearance time of type-specific HPV infection, particularly during the early stages of infection (120 days) was not significantly associated with circulating levels of carotenoids.

The likelihood of clearing an oncogenic HPV infection is significantly higher with increasing levels of lycopenes.[54] A 56% reduction in HPV persistence risk was observed in women with the highest plasma [lycopene] concentrations compared with women with the lowest plasma lycopene concentrations. These data suggests that vegetable consumption and circulating lycopene may be protective against HPV persistence.


CoQ10
Women who had either CIN or cervical cancer had markedly lower levels of CoQ10 in their blood and in their cervical cells than the women who were healthy.[citation needed]


Fish oil
In a 1999 study, Docosahexaenoic acid inhibited growth of HPV16 immortalized cells.

Prognosis
Prognosis depends on the stage of the cancer. With treatment, the 5-year relative survival rate for the earliest stage of invasive cervical cancer is 92%, and the overall (all stages combined) 5-year survival rate is about 72%. These statistics may be improved when applied to women newly diagnosed, bearing in mind that these outcomes may be partly based on the state of treatment five years ago when the women studied were first diagnosed.

With treatment, 80 to 90% of women with stage I cancer and 50 to 65% of those with stage II cancer are alive 5 years after diagnosis. Only 25 to 35% of women with stage III cancer and 15% or fewer of those with stage IV cancer are alive after 5 years. 

According to the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics, survival improves when radiotherapy is combined with cisplatin-based chemotherapy.

As the cancer metastasizes to other parts of the body, prognosis drops dramatically because treatment of local lesions is generally more effective than whole body treatments such as chemotherapy.

Interval evaluation of the patient after therapy is imperative. Recurrent cervical cancer detected at its earliest stages might be successfully treated with surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, or a combination of the three. Thirty-five percent of patients with invasive cervical cancer have persistent or recurrent disease after treatment.

Average years of potential life lost from cervical cancer are 25.3 (SEER Cancer Statistics Review 1975-2000, National Cancer Institute (NCI)). Approximately 4,600 women were projected to die in 2001 in the US of cervical cancer (DSTD), and the annual incidence was 13,000 in 2002 in the US, as calculated by SEER. Thus the ratio of deaths to incidence is approximately 35.4%.

Regular screening has meant that pre cancerous changes and early stage cervical cancers have been detected and treated early. Figures suggest that cervical screening is saving 5,000 lives each year in the UK by preventing cervical cancer.

About 1,000 women per year die of cervical cancer in the UK.

Epidemiology:

Worldwide, cervical cancer is the fifth most deadly cancer in women.[61] It affects about 16 per 100,000 women per year and kills about 9 per 100,000 per year.

In the United States, it is only the 8th most common cancer of women. In 1998, about 12,800 women were diagnosed in the US and about 4,800 died.[8] Among gynecological cancers it ranks behind endometrial cancer and ovarian cancer. The incidence and mortality in the US are about half those for the rest of the world, which is due in part to the success of screening with the Pap smear.[8] The incidence of new cases of cervical cancer in the United States was 7 per 100,000 women in 2004.

In the United Kingdom, the incidence is 9.1/100,000 per year (2005), similar to the rest of Northern Europe, and mortality is 3.1/100,000 per year (2006) (Cancer Research UK Cervical cancer statistics for the UK)[64]. With a 42% reduction from 1988-1997 the NHS implemented screening programme has been highly successful, screening the highest risk age group (25-49 years) every 3 years, and those ages 50-64 every 5 years.

In Canada, an estimated 1,300 women will be diagnosed with cervical cancer in 2008 and 380 will die.

Worldwide it is estimated that there are 473,000 cases of cervical cancer, and 253,500 deaths per year.

History:

400 BCE - Hippocrates: cervical cancer incurable
1925 - Hans Hinselmann: invented colposcope
1928 - Papanicolaou: developed Pap technique
1941 - Papanicolaou and Trout: Pap screening
1946 - Ayer: spatula to scrape the cervix
1976 - Zur Hausen and Gisam: found HPV DNA in cervical cancer and warts
1988 - Bethesda System for Pap results developed

Epidemiologists working in the early 20th century noted that:
Cervical cancer was common in female sex workers.
It was rare in nuns, except for those who had been sexually active before entering the convent. (Rigoni in 1841)
It was more common in the second wives of men whose first wives had died from cervical cancer.
It was rare in Jewish women.
In 1935, Syverton and Berry discovered a relationship between RPV (Rabbit Papillomavirus) and skin cancer in rabbits. (HPV is species specific and therefore cannot be transmitted to rabbits)

This led to the deduction that cervical cancer could be caused by a sexually transmitted agent. Initial research in the 1950s and 1960s put the blame on smegma (e.g. Heins et al 1958)[68] , but it wasn't until the 1970s that human papillomavirus (HPV) was identified. A description by electron microscopy was given earlier in 1949 and HPV-DNA was identified in 1963. It has since been demonstrated that HPV is implicated in virtually all cervical cancers.[4] Specific viral subtypes implicated are HPV 16, 18, 31, 45 and others

Citation:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervical_cancer

(I posted this article to make women informed about this type of traitor disease. About how it can be prevented and how they can cure and prevent it. I wish for me and my mother not to have this certain illness because I have been a witness of what this could do to a person!)
i hope you enjoy reading this and while reading it you have been informed about this disease....
xoxo
shopau

Love,Lust, Like

Have you ever wonder how you could classify the type of affection you have for your partner and how about the type of affection he/she has for you? If it is really love or are you just fooling yourself about thinking that what your partner feels about you is true love. I know that love couldn’t be classified nor even can it even be defined. No philosophers can describe it without feeling it. But who says you cannot define the kind of affection you feel and what kind type of affection that your partner has for you. Let us define it or put it on three types or category; Love, Lust and Like.

LOVE
“It is immortal, cannot be defined, given not asked for, it’s a strong kind of affection, a passionate feeling”. These are some of the many definition given about love but what and which definition is true and can be really felt?
If you can find time to talk to your partner on the phone or on YM or any kind of communication you can find. If you can really give it without asking any in return. If you could respect each other with out having doubt about anything. If nothing matters in the world but her/him. Then its must be love (?). A put a question mark is put in a parenthesis because some people might define it differently. 
If it is love that you are feeling then you must have felt the bond between the two of you that no matter how far away you are from each other you still feel connected no matter what. You are still eager to know how they feel. If you are still sensitive of the feelings your partner has. And every time you hear that he/she is not feeling good or if she is upset you want to know why. And you would want to hear their voice no matter what. You wouldn’t let the day pass without hearing it, because it keeps you calm and contended. If you feel like the two of you wouldn’t exist without each other.
If you feel this kind of affection it then it must be love. You see love is not about having the thought of how it would feel like if you’re with each other. The desire of having them in bed. The feeling that you could have a lot of gifts from him/her. It is shouldn’t be momentarily it should be immortal. It is not about the feeling that he/she see something different that is why they are eager to know you better by letting you know that they have fallen deeply in love with you. It is not about treating you like a business that you should be scheduled to have his/her affection. It is about learning your differences and setting them aside. Trusting and understanding each other. Paying respect to one another. Fulfilling each others needs. Filling up the holes in the heart of one another. It’s about sharing and giving without caring if you could have any in return. If you feel any of that then it might have been love!

LUST
“strong desire”, that is how you define lust. But in affection how does it count as one of the category? Could you really count it as affection? How can desire be a part of affection? These might be the questions you would like to ask your selves. But mind you this is a part of the category just because I felt like writing it but because it can be a real part of it and it is really a part of it.
Now you might ask what kind of desire could lead such affection? Must it be sex? Now this might be the question you would like to ask what kind of lust could drive into affection. And also mind you it’s not always about sex but it might be.Strong desires are not always about sex it is can also be about curiosity that could lead to like to lust. If you met a different person with a different perspective on things than people you know. This things that could interest you and the more you get to know that person the more you become curios or interested about her/him. This feeling could lead into a desire rather than love. These are two different thing because your desires can change and when it changes you would also change the affection you have for your partner when love can never change!About the sex thing being involve yes it can be just a desire you might just tell your partner that you love them just for the satisfaction that you have when you have sex with them or for the desire that you have for having your partner in bed. This such thing is only lust and never love. This such affection never last it shall fade in time.

LIKE
“to have desire”, how those like differ from lust? How can it be part of the types of affection? This might be the question you have in mind while reading this article, but yes like is different from lust and it is also a part of the type of affection we have.

Like is different from lust because in like desire is not that strong and lust it is more intense and strong as said in its definition. But what really makes it different is how they are applied and how they become affection. 

If you don’t seem to care so much about you’re partner. If you are only fascinated about his abilities and capabilities. If you are only affected about his/her look. If looks are the only thing that matter to you. If you cant find time to spend with them to hear their voice or to see their face. If you are not to eager to talk to them. Then it must not be love nor lust. 

You only desire them for your good. You You only think of spending a short time with them and nothing about them really matters. You only desire them not love them. Maybe because are jealous of them or you just want them for awhile because your curios to know them and curiosity is different from eagerness. If you never really love them but you making them feel that you are then you should stop doing what you do. 
Act differently than you should. This kind of thing when felt by others and not you are hurtful to you especially if you are in love with them when they don’t feel the same for you. 

Like can never last and if it did it would only take a short time to fade!

So what type or classification do you think your affection and your partner’s affection count? Do you the see the similarities in the types o feeling you have if you did can you classify the type of feeling/affection you have?

You be careful your partners or your affection might not be LOVE, it might only be LUST or worst just LIKE.

i know what kind of affection me and my boy has for each other

...see you on my next post!....

..hope you enjoy reading this!!...

...XOXO...

♥pau♥

...Cyber Love!...define it...learn from it..

...cyber love,Internet love,chat mate in love, what ever it is, it is still about finding love over some chat room you and suddenly fell in love with them. You might be wondering how this things differ from text mate love affair? i actually do know. Well i would lie to you if i say i have never experience any of this, well ofcourse yes i have experience text mates and chat mates thingy.

When i was in HS i did a little experiment in texting, i mean having text mates. Several time have i texted people inviting them to be my Friends most of them are girls and some are boys(not that i don't have friends way back in HS, just for fun though!). But what text mates and chat mates differ is that texting is only a national way of communicating while in chatting you can meet international people, people who lives abroad. And in texting you can meet each other right away(if your location is not that far from each other) and in chatting you cant easily meet because of the distance as i said your from different countries(unless you live in the same country) and the only way of communicating is through email and YM of course.

It is sad how other people use this kind of communication as to capture someones affection just to use them(to gain other countries citizenship, making them be their financial wall). Sometimes it is never love that they want to be with the people they met in the chat room.

When you meet other people from other country you tend to have knowledge of how their culture works there and how you could approach people there and what type of living do they have. But do you really want to know this information because your in love or because your just curious?

It is hard to find decent boys and girls in the internet, some wants sexual talks and others are just doing business. but when you find one(knowing that how it works in the internet) can you possibly put so much trust in that person that you have already fallen in love with them? (i mean completely) or do you still tend to know each other better before anything happens?

I met alot of guys already in the internet, and being involve in the internet i notice that some (im not saying all) boys there wants to be in bed with the girls already and if you don't have any sexual experience they teach you on line(trust me i know). What some people doesn't know is that this is already a kind of sexual abuse, they are giving knowledge that you tend not to know. I have been into one chat room lately and one of this guys that i have chatted with is an Indian who told me that he is masturbating (yes you heard me right masturbating) and you want to know why he is doing that because he saw my picture in face book and he told me he just got hot! (piece of advice don't give any personal info unless you know the person) me being a stupid girl felt not praise but offended because damn that pic in my face book account only shows my face and suddenly some guy wants to masturbate when they saw it!?(what the hell). That gave me the idea that no guys should be trusted when you meet them in the net!

I have been holding on that thought until i met this guy from the Internet chatting (i know it sounds crazy things like this coming from someone who literary doesn't trust guys!). He is so nice, caring , sweet and (i sure hope) knows how to commit!,loves me(hopefully), adorable,respectful(towards me atleast)... And he is also willing to learn the cultures and tradition of my country just so he would be knoweledgable. Everytime we talk it seems like both of us are wishing that we are together so that we can hold eachother and tell each other how much we love each other! cause everytime he talks to me he always remind me how much he adores me and loves me! And im sure hope he is really british not one of those Indian guys who only wants to have sexual intercourse with the girls they met!...Im sure eager to meet him when he visits me here and hopefully he would meet my family too!

I know i should be carefull in falling in love with the guy i have just met in the chat room, because from all the relationship that i have notice those who met their guys and girls in the internet brakes up easily. I mean yeah they get married leave to have a better life but not all ends up well. Some of them ends up in a tragedy where girls get killed.

...I sure hope that dosent happen to me and my boy....=]

...well thankz for reading hope you learn things!

...watch out for my new entry....

...XOXO pau....